How we cite our quotes: (Chapter.Paragraph)
Quote #7
Alex looks at me blackly on the doorstep; he feels himself in some way responsible for my miserable appearance. He dislikes me because I am Italian, because I am Jewish and because, of all of us, I am the one furthest from his sergeants' mess ideal of virility. (10.26)
Primo is a sort of triple threat to Alex, the Kapo. He's Italian, Jewish, and not a very manly man. This was a common Nazi stereotype of the Jew—as weak and effeminate.
Quote #8
Because that look was not one between two men; and if I had known how completely to explain the nature of that look, which came as if across the glass window of an aquarium between two beings who live in different worlds, I would also have explained the essence of the great insanity of the third Germany.
One felt in that moment, in an immediate manner, what we all thought and said of the Germans. The brain which governed those blue eyes and those manicured hands said: "This is something in front of me belongs to a species which it is obviously opportune to suppress. In this particular case, one has to first make sure that it does not contain some utilizable element." And in my head, like seeds in an empty pumpkin: "Blue eyes and fair hair are essentially wicked. No communication possible. I am a specialist in mine chemistry. I am a specialist in organic syntheses. I am a specialist..." (10.32-33)
To the Germans, the Jews are alien creatures—not essentially human. After Doktor Pannwitz looks at Primo like he's some kind of animal Primo flips this racism on its head and starts to feel that all Germans (or at least the ones with the Aryan features of blonde hair and blue eyes) are evil.
Quote #9
Without hatred, without sneering, Alex wipes his hand on my shoulder, both the palm and the back of the hand, to clean it; he would be amazed, the poor brute Alex, if someone told him that today, on the basis of this action, I judge him and Pannwitz and the innumerable others like him, big and small, in Auschwitz and everywhere. (10.43)
Why is this such a memorable moment for Primo? What is the significance of Alex wiping the grease off onto Primo's shirt "[w]ithout hatred, without sneering"? Why might Alex and Pannwitz be surprised that Primo judges them?