The Autobiography of Malcolm X Allusions & Cultural References

Literary and Philosophical References

• Marcus Garvey (1.1), "Africa for Africans" (1.19)
• Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1.8)
• Thoreau (10.26)
• Elijah Muhammad (10.95)
• Wallace D. Fard (10.95)
• Wonders of the World (11.38)
• Will Durant, Story of Civilization (11.38)
• H. G. Wells, Outline of History (11.39)
• W. E. B. Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk (11.39)
• Carter G. Woodson, Negro History (11.39)
• J. A. Rogers, Sex and Race (11.40)
• Aesop (11.40)
• Gregor Mendel, Findings in Genetics (11.40)
• Frederick Olmstead (11.42)
• Fannie Kimball (11.42)
• Will Durant (11.44)
• Goethe, Faustus (11.46)
• Socrates (11.56)
• Schopenhauer (11.61)
• Kant (11.61)
• Nietzsche (11.61)
• Spinoza (11.62)
• Pierre Van Paassen, Days of Our Years (11.84)
• Homer (11.84)
• Shakespeare (11.85)
• Sir Francis Bacon (11.86)
• Milton, Paradise Lost (11.88)
• C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America (14.2)
• Orson Welles, The War of the Worlds (14.139)
• Martin Luther (14.38)
• Icarus (15.142)
• Abd-Al Rahman Azzam, The Eternal Message of Muhammad (17.12)
• James Baldwin (18.19)
• John Griffin, Black Like Me (18.19)
• Essien-Udom , Black Nationalism (18.30)
• Julian Mayfield (18.48)
• Maya Angelou (18.48)
• Richard Wright (18.59)

Historical References

• Ku Klux Klan (1.1)
• Universal Negro Improvement Association (1.2)
• The Black Legion (1.8)
• United Nations (1.14)
• Work Progress Administration
• John D. Rockefeller (3.9)
• Carnegie Mellon (3.9)
• Crispus Attucks (3.10)
• The Boston Massacre (3.10)
• Pearl Harbor (4.83)
• Fidel Castro (5.20)
• The Scottsboro Boys (5.30)
• Communism (5.30)
• Race Riots of 1935 (7.27)
• Mayor LaGuardia (7.28)
• Adam Clayton Powell (7.28)
• NAACP (7.29)
• Jackie Robinson (7.94)
• Napoleon (10.17)
• Le Bastille (10.17)
• The Slave Trade (10.99)
• Harry S. Truman (11.17)
• Nat Turner (11.43)
• Harper's Ferry (11.43)
• Herodotus (11.44)
• Mahatma Gandhi (11.44)
• The East India Tea Company (11.47)
• The Indian Rebellion of 1857 (11.47)
• The Opium Wars (11.49)
• The Treaty of Nanking (11.50)
• The Tientsin Treaties (11.51)
• The Boxer Rebellion (11.52)
• Communist China (11.53)
• The United Nations (11.54)
• Adlai Stevenson (11.54)
• Dr. Louis Leakey (11.66)
• Italo-Ethiopian Wars (11.83)
• Charlemagne (11.88)
• Richard the Lionhearted (11.88)
• Korean War (12.7)
• Black Nationalist Movement (13.47)
• Galileo (14.39)
• Abraham Lincoln (14.40)
• Brown v. Board of Education (14.41)
• Hitler (14.42)
• Stalin (14.42)
• WWII (14.42)
• The One Drop Rule (14.119)
• The Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (15.13)
• The Japanese-American Internments (15.13)
• The Montgomery Boycott (15.21)
• Dr. Martin Luther King (12.21)
• Rosa Parks (15.23)
• The March on Washington (15.75)
• New York Race Riots of 1964 (15.104)
• Medgar Evers (16.25)
• Birmingham Church Bombing (16.25)
• Philo (16.75)
• The Assassination of John F. Kennedy (16.76)
• Taj Mahal (17.92)
• Hussein Amini (18.12)
• Kwame Nkrumah (18.38)
• Huang Ha (18.59)
• Mao Tse-Tung (18.70)
• Nelson Mandela (18.71)
• Sobukwe (18.71)
• Lumumba (18.71)
• French Algiers (18.86)
• Vietnam War (18.101)
• The American Civil War (19.5)
• Eygptian Revolution (19.20)
• Algerian Revolution (19.20)
• President Johnson (19.57)

Pop Culture References

• Joe Louis (2.1)
• James J. Braddock (2.1)
• Erskine Hawkins "Tuxedo Junction" (2.27)
• Slim and Slam "Flatfoot Floogie" (2.27)
• Lucky Thompson (2.27)
• Milt Jackson (2.27)
• Glen Miller, "Moonlight Serenade" (2.37)
• Ink Spots, "If I Didn't Care" (2.38)
• Gone with the Wind (45)
• Erskine Hawkins (2.60)
• Duke Ellington (2.60)
• Cootie Williams (2.60)
• Li'l Abner (3.1)
• Duke Ellington (3.26)
• Benny Goodman (3.48)
• Peggy Lee (3. 48)
• Charlie Barnet, "Cherokee," "Redskin Rhumba" (3.57)
• Count Basie (3.58)
• Lionel Hampton (3.58)
• Cootie Williams (3.58)
• Jimmie Lunceford (3.58)
• Johnny Hodges (3.58)
• Sonny Freer, "Daydream" (3.58)
• Jimmie Rushing, "Sent for you Yesterday, Here you Come Today" (3.58)
• Lester Young (3.58)
• Harry Edison (3.58)
• Buddy Tate (3.58)
• Don Byas (3.58)
• Dickie Wells (3.58)
• Buck Clayton (3.58)
• Lionel Hampton (3.93)
• Sidney Poiter (3.93)
• Aunt Jemima (3.94)
• The Lindy Hop (4.4)
• Jay McShann (5.20)
• Walter Brown, "Hooty hooty Blues" (5.20)
• Dizzy Gillespie (5.20)
• Billy Eckstine (5.20)
• Billie Holiday (5.20)
• Ella Fitzgerald (5.20)
• Dinah Washington (5.20)
• Arnett Cobb (5.20)
• Illinois Jacquet (5.20)
• Dexter Gordon (5.20)
• Alvin Hayse (5.20)
• Joe Newman (5.20)
• George Jenkins (5.20)
• Earl Hines, "Second Balcony Jump" (5.20)
• Sonny Greer (5.32)
• Ray Nance (5.32)
• Cootie Williams (5.32)
• Eddie Vinson (5.32)
• Sy Oliver (5.32)
• Tommy Dorsey (5.32)
• Louis Armstrong (5.59)
• Fletcher Henderson (5.59)
• Redd Foxx (6.57)
• Humphrey Bogart (6.79)
• "Stormy Weather" (6.79)
• Cabin in the Sky (6.79)
• Wilt Chamberlain (7.32)
• Sarah Vaughn (7.95)
• The Bluebonnets (7.95)
• Emily Post (10.41)
• Jesse James (11.54)
• Sister Rosetta Tharpe (13.53)
• The Clara Ward Singers (13.53)
• Mahalia Jackson (13.53)
• The Mike Wallace Show (14.1)
• "The Hate that Hate Produced" (14.138)
• The Charmer, "White Man's Heaven is Black Man's Hell" (14.77)
• Louis X, "Ornega" (14.77)
• We Shall Overcome (15.97)
• Dick Gregory (16.47)
• Ahmed Horyallah and Essid Muhammad, The Muslim from America (18.13)
• Sarah Vaughan (18.72)
• Milt Jackson (18.72)
• Charlie Parker (18.72)

Religious References

• Billy Graham (15.128) 
• The Dead Sea Scrolls (16.75) 
• The Essenes (16.75)

Christian References

• Adam and Eve (1.19)
• Acts 9 (10.106)
• Matt 23:1-12 (10.107)
• The Book of Revelation (10.118)
• Moses (10.134)
• The Book of Job (12.39)
• Samson (13.84)
• 2 Samuel 11 (16.58)
• 1 Samuel 17 (16.58)
• Genesis 19 (16.58)
• Genesis 9:20-25 (16.58)
• Genesis 7 (16.58)
• Exodus 13 (16.58)
• Numbers 12:1-15 (16.58)
• St. Augustine (19.33)

Islamic References

• Hajj (17.1)
• Al-Imran: 96–97 (17.2)

Nation of Islam References

• The Nation of Islam (10.95)
• Yacub (10.115)