Population 

Life expectancy for white males in 1870: 44.1 years
Life expectancy for white females in 1870: 46.4 years²

Estimated mean life expectancy at birth for American Blacks during the entire 19th century: 33.7 years for both sexes³

Population of the United States in 1860: 31.4 million
Population of the United States in 1865: 35.7 million⁴

Black population of the United States in 1860: 4.4 million
Black population of the United States in 1860, as a percentage of the total population: 14.1%
Percentage of the Black population of the United States in 1860 that lived in the South: more than 90%⁵

Population of the United States in 1870: 39.8 million
Black population of the United States in 1870: 4.9 million (12.7% of the total)¹⁶

Population increase in the United States between 1860 and 1870: 26.6% (despite more than 600,000 Americans being killed in the Civil War).¹⁷

Urban/Rural

Americans living in urban centers of more than 8,000 inhabitants in 1860: Fewer than 1 in 5.⁶

Urban population of the United States in 1870: 9.9 million
Rural population of the United States in 1870: 28.7 million¹⁸

Percentage of Americans living in rural areas in 1860: more than 80%.
Percentage of Americans living in rural areas today: fewer than 3%.⁷

Percentage of Americans living in urban areas in 1810: 6%
Percentage of Americans living in urban areas in 1860: 20%.⁸

Percentage of American workers working in non-farm employment in 1810: 21%
Percentage of American workers working in non-farm employment in 1860: 40–45%.⁹

Population growth of Chicago between 1850 and 1860: 375%
Number of rail lines that terminated in Chicago in 1860: 15.¹⁰

Miles of railroad track laid in the United States by 1860: 30,000.

Passenger travel time from New York City to Cincinnati in 1800: three weeks
In 1830: one week
In 1860: two days¹¹

Decrease in wholesale commodity prices between 1815 and 1860: 45%
Decrease in consumer prices between 1815 and 1860 (estimated): 50%.¹²

The Civil War

Number of Confederate soldiers killed during the Civil War: 260,000
Number of Union soldiers killed during the Civil War: 360,000
Confederate soldiers killed, as a percentage of the South's total white male population: more than 20%.¹³

Number of Black men who served in the Union Army: more than 186,000 (over 70% of them were recruited or conscripted from the slave states)
Percentage of Union Army that was Black by the end of the war: about 10%.¹⁴

Number of slaves who rebelled throughout the South by 1864: more than 400,000.¹⁵